Reconstruction+-+Grant,+Erin,+Conner,+Yoo+-+period8

__ Reconstruction __ __3 Plans for Reconstruction__

Lincoln's plan: Lincoln's plan for reconstruction was to forgive the South. It was a lenient plan. He would offer a pardon to any Confederate who would swear alligiance to the Union. They would be allowed to retain their property and civil rights. They also had to accept the federal policy on slavery. He would also pardon Confederate military officials. Lincoln had a 10% plan. This meant that as soon as ten percent of a state's voters swore to the Union, the state could create a new state constitution. After this, states could rejoin the Union. This plan didn't require a new constitution to give voting rights to the African Americans. The congress was against this plan because they thought it was a threat to congressional authority. //"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, amoung ourselves, and with// //all nations."// -Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address, March 1865

Johnson's plan: Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstrucion was a lot like Lincoln's plan and was also quite lenient. He also pardoned Confederates who would swear alligiance to the Union and allowed them to retain their property and political rights. Johnson did not have a 10% plan. Johnson denied pardons to the Confederate military officials, however, if they personally asked him for a pardon, Johnson would issue one. Although Johnson supported the 13th ammendment, he wasn't willing to support black suffrage since he thought it was for the state's to decide.

Radical Republican plan: The radical republicans believed the South should be punished for the war. Their idea's clashed with both Lincoln and Johnson's plans. They wanted to protect freedman (former slave) rights. They also went over many of Johnson's vetos, including the one to extend the Freedman's Bureau to help freedman and war refugees by providing them with food, clothing, and shelter, the Civil Rights Act of 1966 to grant freedmen equality, and the Reconstruction Act of 1867 to divide the South into districts that were put under military rule, the governments readmitted under Johnson's and Lincoln's plans were broken up, and states were required to ratify the 14th ammendment. The radical republican's plan gaurenteed the freedmen's right to vote.

__Effects of Reconstruction (sucess and faliures)__

The Union is restored. The South's economy also grows, along with wealth in the North. Organizations such as the Freedmen's Bureau and other organizations help many black families attain jobs, schooling, and housing. The South starts mandatory education system. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth ammendments give African Americans the rights to equal protection under the law, the right to vote, and citizenship.
 * Sucess**

Even after the slaves are free, there are racist people that are against the African Americans and the African Americans are discriminated against. When federal troops leave the Southern state governments, organizations agaisnt African Americans deny them the right to vote. Many of the people in the South are living in poverty. Many of the Southerners are still feel hate towards the federal government and republicans. The South is also slower to industrialize because of the war and reconstruction.
 * Faliure**

__3 "Civil War" amendments__ Ratified by the states and became law on December 18, 1865. On January 1865, the U.S. Congress approved it to the constitution. Abolished slavery throughout the nation. The next several years, commercial printers sold souvenir copies of the historic document.
 * Thirteenth Amendment: **

//"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist// //within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."// -Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. **Fourteenth Amendment:**

Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment in June 1866. Was ratified by the states in 1868. It made African-Americans citizens and protected citizens from any discriminatory state laws. The Southern states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmitted to the union. Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment on February 1869 to the constitution. Ratified on March 1870. Was one of the enduring legacies of Reconstruction. Guaranteed African American men the right to vote. It declared that the right to vote would not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The Fifteenth Amendment represented a great step toward legal equality. __Life in the Jim Crow South:__ Jim Crow wasn't a real person, it came from a minstrel show routine called "Jump Jim Crow". It showed a white entertainer in a black face and performed unflattering caricatures of African American song and dance. Also named after a popular 19th-century minstrel song, it stereotyped African Americans. Segregation laws turned to Jim Crow laws. They started to appear a few years after the end of reconstruction. By early 1900s, the Jim Crow laws dominated almost every aspect of southern daily life. Separation of blacks and whites in schools, parks, transportation systems, hospitals, and public buildings. They weren't allowed to use the same facilities. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson, in 1896, an African American named Homer Plessy argued that his right was violated by a Louisianan law that required separate seating for white and black citizens. Court said that segregation was legal, as long as separate facilities for blacks were equal to those provided to whites. However, they were rarely ever made equal. Worst kind of violence against blacks was lynching, which was the murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial. Estimated 1,200 African americans were lynched between 1882 and 1892. African Americans moved to the North to escape the violence and legal segregation. Whites feared competition and losing jobs to blacks. Erupted in forms of race riots in New York City in 1900 and in Springfield, Illinois, in 1908.
 * Fifteenth Amendment: **

__Physical, Economic, Political, and Social Changes in the South__

During Reconstruction many things had to change in the South. Slavery, economy, politics and the laws had to change. Slavery, to start off, was the overall, biggest change. Slavery was completely abolished, and never seen again. Africans were free to do what they wanted. Free though, was not very free whatsoever. Africans had to follow a set of rules known as Black Codes. This basically is just a way to enslave blacks, without them "knowing" it. Black Codes made former slaves work, and own houses, as well as other rules pertaining how they had to act. The economy had to undergo massive changes, due to the fact mills had no slaves to work on them. This causes trouble for the South. Social changes pretty much just sticks to the Black Codes, and how white people were able to treat the black people. The laws too, were pretty much changed do to the Civil War and the Black Codes.

__Reasons for the Demise of Reconstruction__

The end of Reconstruction came from several factors, including a bad reputation for Grant's administration, extreme racism and other problems regarding blacks in society, and it was also very expensive. Grant's administration became known as dirty, symbolized a weak government, and stood for greed. This was not acceptable, and Grant did not want to slanderize his own is administration. This was a primary reason for the fall of Reconstruction. Reconstruction, was also extremely expensive, and the United States couldn't afford to keep spending and spending money. The African Americans, also following Black Codes, was becoming a problem, due to some issues that it presented. After a while, Grant would stop funding the expensive Reconstruction.

__What was Reconstruction?__

Reconstruction was the time period, from 1865 to 1877, in which the United States tried to rebuild its losses, especially in the South. The war destroyed about two thirds of the South's shipping industry. Including railroads, farmland, machinery, animals, livestock, and thousands of miles of canals. Factories, cities, and many buildings lay burning. The war also killed hundreds of thousands of men, who were fathers, brothers, sons and husbands. The North lost 364,000 soldiers, comparing to the South's loss of 260,000 soldiers. Also another problem was the question of how to reintroduce the South and the southerners in it, to the Union. Lincoln solved this by introducing the Ten Percent Plan, which offered pardon to any Confederate who swore an oath of alllegiance to the Union. It allowed each state to formulate a new state consitution after 10 percent of the voters in the state had sworn allegiance to he Union. However, on April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was murdered by John Wilkes Booth. With Lincoln's death, Andrew Johnson became the new President in April 1865. Andrew Johnson had his personal plan for Reconstruction, called Presidential Reconstruction. It pardoned southerners who swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. It allowed each state to create a new constitution. States were required to never to secede, abolish slavery, and pay off all Confederate debt.

__Impeachment of Andrew Johnson__ Andrew Johnson was impeached when he tried to fire the Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton. He wanted Stanton removed because under the Reconstruction Act, Stanton would control all military rule of the South. His firing of Stanton challenged the Tenure of Office Act that limited the President's power to fire government officials, forcing the President to seek Senate approval to fire officials. Edwin Stevens was led the House to find the firing of him was unconstitutional. Therefore, on February 24, 1868, members of the House voted 126 to 47 to impeach President Johnson. The House made 11 article of impeachment, including the violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided over the court. The vote for the verdict was held on May 16, 1868. Andrew Johnson became the first President to be impeached. __Sources__ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/timeline.html http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timline/civilwar/recontwo/recontwo.html http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/recon Don't Know Much About History By: Kenith C. Davis Out of Many: A History of the American People By: John Mack Faragher, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, Susan H. Armitage America: Pathways to the Present http://www.pwcs.edu/Marshall/Civil%20War%20part%204.htm