Reconstruction+JenCarKaySyd

After the Civil War they would vote,hold office and attend school. Besides some major advantages their life was still far from perfect. "Black Codes" designed to limit the opportunities of blacks. It were passed in the South during Reconstruction. The Black Codes placed taxes on free blacks who tried to pursue nonagricultural professions, restricted the abilities of blacks to rent land or own guns, and even allowed the children of unfit parents to be apprenticed to the old slave masters.
 * The treatment of African Americans**
 * Blacks were mistreated because they were looked upon as an object, not a human.
 * Blacks were not a loud to vote and the white men did not want them to start voting because they did not want African Americans to start to take over and have equal rights.
 * Free blacks and bondsmen manned the iron works and helped build the fortifications

13th Amendment : Abraham Licholn issued the Emancipation Proclamation stating that all slaves would be declared free in those states still in rebellion against the United States. It provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." It was ratified on December 6, 1865. In April 1864, the senate passed it but the House did not. Abraham Lincoln took an active role that he promised passage through congress. It was a solution to the slavery issue in great success. Congress had passed the 13th amendment to promise the legality of slavery in the slave states in rather then to end it.
 * CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS**

14th Amendment : The Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. It also forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any **person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws.” The** **14th Amendment expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans. The Amendment provides a broad definition of citizenship overruling Dred Scott v. Sandford which excluded slaves and their descendants**
 * from proccessing Constitutional rights.

15th Amendment: The 15th Amendment was the last of the “Reconstruction Amendments” to be adopted. It was made to prohibit discrimination against the voters on the basis on race on previous condition of servitude.** Black votes would help accomplish that end. The 15th Amendment wasnt successful or unsuccesful. It did provide the vote to blacks living in northern states, and it did encourage voting by blacks in the South for a period of time.**
 * 15th Amendment was the Republican desire to entrench its power in both the North and the South.

-occurred between 1865 and 1877 -federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the south and restore southern states to the union
 * RECONSTRUCTION:**

Negatives: -failed to bring racial harmony to the south -blacks gradually lost all their rights they had gained -southern states passed laws limiting voting rights (only males who could pass certain educational tests and pay poll taxes) -south violates rights of blacks Positives: -14th and 15th amendments established a national system of legal protection of equality before the law.
 * Effects of Reconstruction:**

-President Grant Corrupt administration reminded voters of all that was wrong with reconstruction -White voters grew weary of Republicans and their decade -Corruption: reconstruction legislatures and Grants administration came to show corruption, greed, and poor government** -Economy- reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting southern states deeper into debt. A nationwide economic downturn in 1837 diverted public attention from the movement for equal rights, white northerner voters never entirely supported the Radical Republicans goal of racial equality -Violence: when federal troops withdrew from south, some white democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. White southerners to regain control of state governments -Democrats return to power: 500 ex-confederates had been pardones. combined with white southerners to form solid south, Democratic voters. they blocked many federal reconstruction polivies and reversed many reforms of the reconstruction legislatures. -Supreme Court: slaughterhouse cases, untied states vs. reese, united states vs. cruikshank. supreme court interpreted the fourteenth and fifteeth amendments and placed the control of americans basic civil rights in the hands of the states. The decisions limited the the federal governments ability to protect the civil voting rights of blacks
 * Reasons For Reconstruction's Demise:
 * enormous sums of money changes hands rapidly in the form of fraudulent loans and grants
 * -Compromise of 1877: democrats agreed to give hayes the victory in the presidential election he had not clearly won, in return, new president agreed to remove remaining federal troops from southern states. They agreed to support appropriations for rebuilding levees along the Mississppi River, and to give subsides to southern railroads. Compromise opened way for democrats to regain control of southern politics and marked the end of Reconstruction**

-house found that Johnson’s firing of Stanton was unconstitutional -house members voted to impeach him on Feb. 24, 1868 (voting results were 126 to 47) -drafted two articles of impeachment -Johnson was the first president to become impeached -he was tried for high crimes and misdemeanors -Johnson escaped his trial by one vote, which set the precedent that only serious crimes could remove a president from office.
 * IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON**

 During the civil war in December, Abraham Lincoln offered a reinstatement of southern states called the 10 percent reconstruction plan. He thought about sectoring the union from the early days of the war. Lincoln also wanted to accomplish his goal as quickly as he possibly could; he ignored all calls of punishment from the south.   Lincoln's plan stated that Southerners who said they would support the Union would be granted a pardon. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. The plan let southern states form new governments and constitutions. That was only aloud if 10% of their voters supported the Union. Also, new state constitutions could not allow slavery. Almost all Northerners thought that Lincoln's plan wasn't bad enough; they believed that they should be punished for trying to secede. Before the war ended, President Lincoln began the task of restoration. He also made a proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction for areas of the Confederacy. It also granted pardon to anyone who supported the Constitution and the Union. Once a group in any state equal in number to one tenth of that state's total vote in the presidential election, Lincoln would grant that government executive recognition. By the end of the war it had been tied. However, the congress refused to seat the Senators and Representatives elected from those states, and by the time of Lincoln's assassination the President and Congress were at a stalemate.  Lincoln’s Plan (the 10% plan): 1. A general amnesty would be granted to all who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States and pledge to obey all federal laws pertaining to slavery <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">High Confederate officials and military leaders were to be temporarily excluded from the process <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">When one tenth of the number of voters who had participated in the 1860 election had taken the oath within a particular state, then that state could launch a new government and elect representatives to Congress. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Black codes were laws enacted in the Southern states to try to keep blacks under whites. White Southerners were not ready to accept blacks as citizens yet and wanted to keep them like slaves as long as possible. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Johnson’s proclamation was harsher than Lincoln's; it hurt all former military and civil officers of the Confederacy and all those who owned property worth $20,000 or more. Johnson’s intention was to shift political control in the South from the old planter aristocracy to the small farmer, and it promised to accomplish a revolution in Southern society. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Soon enough, Johnson put his plan into operation. The Southern states held conventions that repealed secession, abolished slavery, and repudiated Confederate debts. The control of white over black seemed to be restored, as the newly elected state legislatures’s enacted statutes severely limiting the freedom and rights of the blacks. These laws, known as black codes, <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">restricted the ability of blacks to own land and to work as free laborers and de <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nied them most of the civil rights and political rights. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On April 9, 1865 the Civil War ended. Lincoln was assassinated a few days after and Vice President Andrew Johnson became the new president. Johnson then came up with an all new Reconstruction plan. His plan offered pardons to every single white southerner. The southern states that were defeated were to hold conventions and start new state governments. These new state governments had to eliminate slavery and agree to be loyal to the country if they wanted to rejoin the Union. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jackson’s Proclamation: <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 1. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 2. <span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 3. <span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 4. <span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">When the war was ended, there was much to be done. The South had to rebuild houses, buildings, farms, and stores, while little of the North had been destroyed. The former slave owners now had to let blacks vote, run for office, learn and give them more rights in their new constitutions. The new country was beginning to reconstruct itself. They also could not vote or represent themselves in politics until they finished their state constitutions and proved their royalty with Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">There were many changes. There were changes in the labor force. For instance, 90 percent of cotton was made by African American slaves. After the civil war, most of the crops were picked by white laborers. Also, tenant farmers persuaded planters to grow many new cash crops. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cash crops were crops such as sugar cane, cotton, and tobacco. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Tenant farming made many new changes. It created a new wealthy class for wealthy southerners. Because of them, stores sprung up everywhere. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The more stores they had, the more goods they made, the more money they made. <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> //<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After four years of tenant farming, the Holtzclaws watched as creditors carted away everything they owned. “They came and took our corn and, finally, the vegetables from our little garden, as well as the chickens and the pig.” // //<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Holtzcla w //